(e, f) :other fullerenes have are like buckministerfullerene with difference numbers of carbon atoms (d) buckministerfullerene: each carbon forms 3 bonds with other carbon atoms like graphite but, because there are both 5-membered and 6-membered rings, the material makes 60 carbon balls. (c) hexagonal: each carbon forms 4 bonds with other carbon atoms but doesn't have a regular tetrahedral symmetry (b) graphite: each carbon forms 3 bonds with other carbon atoms, making 6-membered rings, and has trigonal planar symmetry (a) diamond: each carbon forms 4 bonds with other carbon atoms and has tetrahedral symmetry While the heaviest element, lead, has a cubic close-packed structure (b).Ĭarbon has at least 6 different allotropes with different structural forms. Carbon in the form of diamonds, silicon, germanium, and one form of tin pack in this form. The most common solid state structure for this group is the diamond structure (a), with tetrahedral symmetry around each atom. Silicon and germanium are very much alike in all of their properties, as are tin and lead. Lead is a little higher than tin but it also has a different solid state structure (see below).Ĭarbon also has a significantly smaller radius, higher electronegativity, and a higher ionization energy. Melting points decrease from silicon to germanium to tin. We can see trends in properties from top to bottom of group 14, but carbon is remarkably different from all of the elements below it.Ĭarbon is the only element that doesn't melt, even at very high temperature. You've learned that the properties of elements in the periodic table change across a row and down any column. The Elements Elemental Carbon, Silicon, Germanium
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